Reader Post | By Anonymous The Bottom Line: "The Act of 1871 became the FOUNDATION of all the treason since committed by government ...
Reader Post | By Anonymous
The Bottom Line: "The Act of 1871 became the FOUNDATION of all the treason since committed by government officials."
[What is the difference between the "united States" and "THE UNITED STATES"?
What is the difference between "for" and "of"? As an old song says "little things mean a lot.."]
RE: The Act of 1871: The “United States” Is a Corporation – There are Two Constitutions
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/41st-congress/session-3/c41s3ch62.pdf
pp 419-429
[Note: It is my understanding that there were modifications in 1875 and a final version in 1879 but cannot find those. However, the 1879 was quoted in a court case later where the judge listed the provisions of the 1879 version. Sorry but cannot locate that cite now. (research lost on a crashed hard drive) Bottom line it provides and protects COMMERCE but ignores all else. Therefore, in court which Constitution has the Court personnel sworn an oath to uphold? Further, which CONSTITUTION have all the government officials sworn an oath to uphold?
See this link for more info: http://www.federaljack.com/slavery-by-consent-the-united-states-corporation/ - text below the copy of the legislation ] bez7x11
Copied as is from pdf found at link listed above "..statutes-at-large"
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 61, 62. 1871.
CHAP. LXII. -An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia. Feb. 21, 1871.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Vol. xvii. p 16.States of America in Congress assembled, That all that part of the terri- DistrictofCo-tory of the United States included within the limits of the District of lutbia consti-tuted a body cor-Columbia be, and the same is hereby, created into a government by the porate for muni-name of the District of Columbia, by which name it is hereby constituted cipal purposes.a body corporate for municipal purposes, and may contract and be con- Powers, &c.tracted with, sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, have a seal, andexercise all other powers of a municipal corporation not inconsistent withthe Constitution and laws of the United States and the provisions of thisact.SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the executive power and au- Governor, ap-thority in and over said District of Columbia shall be vested in a gov- pointment, andernor, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the adviceand consent of the Senate, and who shall hold his office for four years,and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. The governor qualifications;shall be a citizen of and shall have resided within said District twelvemonths before his appointment, and have the qualifications of an elector.He may grant pardons and respites for offenses against the laws of said powers andDistrict enacted by the legislative assembly thereof; he shall commissionall officers who shall be elected or appointed to office under the laws ofthe said District enacted as aforesaid, and shall take care that the lawsbe faithfully executed.SEC. 3. And be it fiurther enacted, That every bill which shall have Vetopowerpassed the council and house of delegates shall, before it becomes a law,be presented to the governor of the District of Columbia; if he approve,he shall sign it, hut if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to thehouse in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at
IRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. Cu. 62. 1871.Veto power of large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re-governor. consideration, two thirds of all the members appointed or elected to thehouse shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the ob-jections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,and if approved by two thirds of all the members appointed or elected tothat house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of bothhouses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per-sons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of eachBills not re- house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governorturned within within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented ton days, & him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unlessthe legislative assembly by their adjournment prevent its return, in whichcase it shall not be a law.Secretary of SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That there shall be appointed by thethe District. President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, a secretaryResidence, of said District, who shall reside therein and possess the qualification ofterm of office an elector, and shall hold his office for four years, and until his successorshall be appointed and qualified; he shall record and preserve all lawsand proceedings of the legislative assembly hereinafter constituted, andall the acts and proceedings of the governor in his executive department;he shall transmit one copy of the laws and journals of the legislative as-sembly within thirty days after the end of each session, and one copy ofthe executive proceedings and official correspondence semiannually, onthe first days of January and July in each year, to the President of theUnited States, and four copies of the laws to the President of the Senateand to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for the use of Con-Whento act as gress; and in case of the death, removal, resignation, disability, or ab-governor. sence, of the governor from the District, the secretary shall be, and he ishereby, authorized and required to execute and perfobm all the powersand duties of the governor during such vacancy, disability, or absence, oruntil another governor shall be duly appointed and qualified to fill suchProvision if of- vacancy. And in case the offices of governor and secretary shall bothflcesof governor become vacant, the powers, duties, and emoluments of the office of gov-and secretary arenacantc, &.Y ernor shall devolve upon the presiding officer of the council, and in casethat office shall also be vacant, upon the presiding officer of the house ofdelegates, until the office shall be filled by a new appointment.Legislative as- SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That legislative power and authorityemblys. in said District shall be vested in a legislative assembly as hereinafterCouncil; provided. The assembly shall consist of a council and house of delegates.number, resi- The council shall consist of eleven members, of whom two shall be resi-dneen, appoint- dents of the city of Georgetown, and two residents of the county outsidefice, &c. of the cities of Washington and Georgetown, who shall be appointed bythe President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, whoshall have the qualification of voters as hereinafter prescribed, five ofwhom shall be first appointed for the term of one year, and six for theperiod of two years, provided that all subsequent appointments shall beHouse of dele- for the term of two years. The house of delegates shall consist of twenty-ngaSnbr, term two members, possessing the same qualifications as prescribed for theof office, &c. members of the council, whose term of service shall continue one year.Districts. An apportionment shall be made, as nearly equal as practicable, intoeleven districts for the appointment of the council, and into twenty-twodistricts for the election of delegates, giving to each section of the Dis-trict representation in the ratio of its population as nearly as may be.Residence. And the members of the council and of the house of delegates shall re-side in and be inhabitants of the districts from which they are appointedFirst election. or elected, respectively. For the purposes of the first election to be heldunder this act, the governor and judges of the supreme court of the Dis-trict of Columbia shall designate the districts for members of the houseof delegates, appoint a board of registration and persons to superintend
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 62. 1871.the election and the returns thereof, prescribe the time, places, and man- Elections ofner of conducting such election, and make all needful rules and regula- delegates;tions for carrying into effect the provisions of this act not otherwiseherein provided fbr: Provided, That the first election shall be held within when to besixty days fiom the passage of this act. In the first and all subsequent held.ut toelections the persons having the highest number of legal votes for the elect.house of delegates, respectively, shall be declared by the governor dulyelected members of said house. In case two or more persons voted for New election,shall have an equal number of votes for the same office, or if a vacancy if vote is equalshall occur in the house of delegates, the governor shall order a new cancy.election. And the persons thus appointed and elected to the legislative Time andassembly shall meet at such time and at such place within the District as placeof meeting.the governor shall appoint; but thereafter the time, place, and manner ofholding and conducting all elections by the people, and the formation ofthe districts for members of the council and house of delegates, shall beprescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular Sessions not tosessions of the legislative assembly: Provided, That no session in any one exceed sixtyear shall exceed the term of sixty days, except the first session, which first.may continue one hundred days.SEC. 6. And be it farther enacted, That the legislative assembly shall Part of dis-have power to divide that portion of the District not included in the tridt may be dip e vided into town-corporate limits of Washington or Georgetown into townships, not ships.exceeding three, and create township officers, and prescribe the duties Township of-thereof; but all township officers shall be elected by the people of the ficers.townships respectively.SEC. 7. And be itfurther enacted, That all male citizens of the United Voters, theirStates, above the age of twenty-ono years, who shall have been actual uresidents of said District for three months prior to the passage of thisact, except such as are non compos mentis and persons convicted ofinfamous crimes, shall be entitled to vote at said election, in the electiondistrict or precinct in which he shall then reside, and shall have soresided for thirty days immediately preceding said election, and shall' beeligible to any offi e -within the said District, and for all subsequentelections twelve months' prior residence shall be required to constitute Right of suf-a voter; but the legislative assembly shall have no right to abridge or fabridgto belimit the right of suffrage.SEC. 8. And be itfurtlher enacted, That no person who has been or Certain per-hereafter shall be convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime, ols disqualifiednor any person who has been or may be a collector or holder of public ship in the as-moneys who shall not have accounted for and paid over, upon final judg- sembly or hold-ment duly recovered according to law, all such moneys due from him, ing ffice.shall be eligible to the legislative assembly or to any office of profit ortrust in said District.SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That members of the legislative Oath of meassembly, before they enter upon their official duties, shall take and ersofthe lebls-subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (oraffirm) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, andwill faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which I am aboutto enter; and that I have not knowingly or intentionally paid or con-tributed anything, or made any promise in the nature of a bribe, todirectly or indirectly influence any vote at the election at which I was,chosen to fill the said office, and have not accepted, nor will I accept, orreceive, directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing forany vote or influence that I may give or withhold on any bill, resolution,or appropriation, or for any other official act." Any member who shall Refusaltotakerefuse to take the oath herein prescribed shall forfeit his office, and every to forfeof-person who shall be convicted of having sworn falsely to or of violating Falseoath,&c.his said oath shall forfeit his office and be disqualified thereafter from to isqupeify andholding any office of profit or trust in said District, and shall be421
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEssIII. II C. 62. 1871.deemed guilty of perjury, and upon conviction shall be punished accord-ingly.Quorumof leg- SEc. 10. And be itfurther enacted, That a majority of the legislativeislative ssem- assembly appointed or elected to each house shall constitute a quorum.bl iembers. The house of delegates shall be the judge of the election returns andRules. qualifications of its members. Each house shall determine the rules ofits proceedings, and shall choose its own officers. The governor shallOrganization call the council to order at the opening of each new assembly; and theof each new as- secretary of the District shall call the house of delegates to order at thesembly. opening of each new legislative assembly, and shall preside over it untila temporary presiding officer shall have been chosen and shall haveExpulsion of taken his seat. No member shall be expelled by either house except bymembers. a vote of two thirds of all the members appointed or elected to thatPunishmentfor house. Each house may punish by imprisonment any person not acontempt. member who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by disorderly orcontemptuous behavior in its presence; but no such imprisonment shallAdjournment. extend beyond twenty-four hours at one time. Neither house shall,without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, or toany other place than that in which such house shall be sitting. At theYeas and nays. request of any member the yeas and nays shall be taken upon any ques-tion and entered upon the journal.Bills, where to SEC. 11. And be itfurther enacted, That bills may originate in eitherorigiateo inal house, but may be altered, amended, or rejected by the other; and onpassage. the final passage of all bills the vote shall be by yeas and nays upon eachbill separately, and shall be entered upon the journal, and no bill shallbecome a law without the concurrence of a majority of the memberselected to each house.Beading of SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That every bill shall be read atbills. large on three different days in each house. No act shall embrace moreActs to em-brace but one than one subject, and that shall be expressed in its title; but if any sub-subject; ject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in thetitle, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be sowhen to take expressed in the title; and no act of the legislative assembly shall takeeffect. effect until thirty days after its passage, unless, in case of emergency,(which emergency shall be expressed in the preamble or body of the act,)the legislative assembly shall by a vote of two thirds of all the membersappointed or elected to each house otherwise direct.Money not to SEC. 13. And be it further enacted, That no money shall be drawnbe drawn from from the treasury of the District, except in pursuance of an appropria-treasury, except,&0 tion made by law, and no bill making appropriations for the pay or sal-Appropriation aries of the officers of the District government shall contain any pro-bills, visions on any other subject.Appropriations, SEC. 14. And be it further enacted, That each legislative assemblydwed torepro- shall provide for all the appropriations necessary for the ordinary andcontingent expenses of the government of the District until the expira-tion of the first fiscal quarter after the adjournment of the next regularsession, the aggregate amount of which shall not be increased withouta vote of two thirds of the members elected or appointed to each houseas herein provided, nor exceed the amount of revenue authorized bywhen to end. law to be raised in such time, and all appropriations, general or special,requiring money to be paid out of the District treasury, from fundsbelonging to the District, shall end with such fiscal quarter; and noto debt by debt, by which the aggregate debt of the District shall exceed five perwhich, &o. to be cent. of the assessed property of the District, shall be contracted, unlesslesntr d un the law authorizing the same shall at a general election have been sub-See § 20. mitted to the people and have received a majority of the votes cast forPost, p. 42. members of the legislative assembly at such election. The legislativeassembly shall provide for the publication of said law in at least twonewspapers in the District for three months, at least, before the vote of
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 62. 1871.the people shall be taken on the same, and provision shall be made in the People to voteact for the payment of the interest annually, as it shall accrue, by a tax thereon and onlevied for the purpose, or from other sources of revenue, which law tax levyproviding for the payment of such interest by such tax shall be irre-pealable until such debt be paid: Provided, That the law levying the taxshall be submitted to the people with the law authorizing the debt to becontracted.SEC. 15. And be itfurther enacted, That the legislative assembly shall No extra al-never grant or authorize extra compensation, fee, or allowance to any loPanpes, &fi topublic officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service has been ren- cer.dered or a contract made, nor authorize the payment of any claim, or Certain pay-ments not to bepart thereof, hereafter created against the District under any contract made.or agreement made, without express authority of law; and all suchunauthorized agreements or contracts shall be null and void.SEC. 16. And be it further enacted, That the District shall never pay, Credit of theassume, or become responsible for the debts or liabilities of, or in any Distrit0otto bemanner give, loan, or extend its credit to or in aid of any public or other ane,corporation, association, or individual.SEc. 17. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly shall Special lawsnot pass special laws in any of the following cases, that is to say: For not to be t pssedgranting divorces; regulating the practice in courts of justice; regulating fied cases.the jurisdiction or duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates, orconstables; providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases, orswearing and impaneling jurors; remitting fines, penalties, or forfeitures;the sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others underdisability; changing the law of descent; increasing or decreasing thefees of public officers during the term for which said officers are electedor appointed; granting to any corporation, association, or individual, anyspecial or exclusive privilege, immunity, or franchise whatsoever. Thelegislative assembly shall have no power to release or extinguish, in whole Assembly toor in part, the indebtedness, liability, or obligation of any corporation or have no power toindividual to the District or to any municipal corporation therein, norshall the legislative assembly have power to establish any bank of circu-lation, nor to authorize any company or individual to issue notes for cir-culation as money or currency.SEC. 18. And be it further enacted, That the legislative power of the LegislativeDistrict shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation within said Dis- pow the Dis-trict, consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the pro- what.visions of this act, subject, nevertheless, to all the restrictions and limita-tions imposed upon States by the tenth section of the first article of theConstitution of the United States; but all acts of the legislative assembly All acts sub-shall at all times be subject to repeal or modification by the Congress of 'ecttorepeal,&cthe United States, and nothing herein shall be construed to deprive Con-gress of the power of legislation over said District in as ample manner asif this law had not been enacted.SEC. 19. And be it further enacted, That no member of the legislative Members of as-assembly shall hold or be appointed to any office, which shall have been emblyi not tocreated or the salary or emoluments of which shall have been increased offices.while he was a member, during the term for which he was appointed orelected, and for one year after the expiration of such term; and no per- Certain per-son holding any office of trust or profit under the government of the sonsnot to bemembers of as-United States shall be a member of the legislative assembly. sembly.SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That the said legislative assembly Limit to powershall not have power to pass any ex post facto law, nor law impairing the of assembly.obligation of contracts, nor to tax the property of the United States, norto tax the lands or other property of non-residents higher than the landsor other property of residents; nor shall lands or other propertyin said district be liable to a higher tax, in any one year,for all general objects, territorial and municipal, than two dollars on
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. CH. 62. 1871.everv hundred dollars of the cash value thereof; but special taxes maySpecialtaxes. b levied in particular sections, wards, or districts for their particularBorrowing local improvements; nor shall said territorial government have power tomoney orissuing borrow money or issue stock or bonds for any object whatever, unlessspecially authorized by an act of the legislative assembly, passed by avote of two thirds of the entire number of the members of each branchthereof, but said debt in no case to exceed five per centum of the assessedSee § 14. value of the property of said District, unless authorized by a vote of theAnte, p. 422. people, as hereinafter [hereinbefore] provided.Certain prop- SEC. 21. And be it further enacted, That the property of that portionerty not to be of the District not included in the corporations of Washington or George-purptaxed for certain town shall not be taxed for the purposes either of improving the streets,alleys, public squares, or other public property of the said cities, or eitherof them, nor for any other expenditure of a local nature, for the exclusivebenefit of said cities, or either of them, nor for the payment of any debtheretofore contracted, or that may hereafter be contracted by either ofsaid cities while remaining under a municipal government not coexten-siv. with the District.Property in SEC. 22. And be it further enacted, That the property within the cor-Georgetown and porate limits of Georgetown shall not be taxed for the payment of anyWashington notto be taxed for debt heretofore or hereafter to be contracted by the corporation of Wash-certainpurposes. ington, nor shall the property within the corporate limits of Washington betaxed for the payment of any debt heretofore or hereafter to be contractedby the corporation of Georgetown; and so long as said cities shall re-main under distinct municipal governments, the property within the cor-porate limits of either of said cities shall not be taxed for the local benefitof the other; nor shall said cities, or either of them, be taxed for the ex-Roads and elusive benefit of the county outside of the limits thereof: Provided, Thatbridges, the legislative assembly may make appropriations for the repair of roads,or for the construction or repair of bridges outside the limits of saidcities.Schools and SEC. 23. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of saidschool moneys. legislative assembly to maintain a system of free schools for the educa-tion of the youth of said District, and all moneys raised by general taxa-.tion or arising from donations by Congress, or from other sources, exceptby bequest or devise, for school purposes, shall be appropriated for theequal benefit of all the youths of said District between certain ages, to bedefined by law.Justices of the SEc. 24. And be it further enacted, That the said legislative assemblypeace and nota- shall have power to provide for the appointment of as many justices ofs pub. the peace and notaries public for said District as may be deemed neces-Jurisdiction sary, to define their jurisdiction and prescribe their duties; but justices ofand duties. the peace shall not have jurisdiction of any controversy in which the titleof land may be in dispute, or in which the debt or sum claimed shallThose now in exceed one hundred dollars: Provided, however, That all justices of thefito c- peace and notaries public now in commission shall continue in office tilltheir present commissions expire, unless sooner removed pursuant toexisting laws.Judicial courts SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That the judicial courts of saidto remain, &c. District shall remain as now organized until abolished or changedPractice there- by act of Congress; but such legislative assembly shall have power toof and jurisdic-tifon.l -pass laws modifying the practice thereof, and conferring such additionaljurisdiction as may be necessary to the due execution and enforcement ofthe laws of said District.Board of SEc. 26. And be it further enacted, That there shall be appointed b-Appointment, the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consentpowers and du- of the Senate, a board of health for said District, to consist of five per-ties. sons, whose duty it shall be to declare what shall be deemed nuisancesinjurious to health, and to provide for the removal thereof; to make and
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. CH. 62. 1871.425enforce regulations to prevent domestic animals from running at large in Boardofhealth.the cities of Washington and Georgetown; to prevent the sale of un-wholesome food in said cities; and to perform such other duties as shallbe imposed upon said board by the legislative assembly.SEC. 27. And be it further enacted, That the offices and duties of reg- Register ofister of wills, recorder of deeds, United States attorney, and United wills,recorder ofStates marshal for said District shall remain as under existing laws till Attorney andmodified by act of Congress; but said legislative assembly shall have marshal.power to impose such additional duties upon said officers, respectively, asmay be necessary to the due enforcement of the laws of said District.SEC. 28. And be it further enacted, That the said legislative assembly Corporations;shall have power to create by general law, modify, repeal, or amend,within said District, corporations aggregate for religious, charitable, edu-cational, industrial, or commercial purposes, and to define their powers and liabilities: Provided, That the powers of corporations so created limited to theshall be limited to the District of Columbia. District.SEC. 29. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly Paupers.shall define by law who shall be entitled to relief as paupers in said Dis-trict, and shall provide by law for the support and maintenance of suchpaupers, and for that purpose shall raise the money necessary by taxa-tion.SEC. 30. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly shall Ministerial of-have power to provide by law for the election or appointment of such ficers.ministerial officers as may be deemed necessary to carry into effect thelaws of said District, to prescribe their duties, their terms of office, andthe rate and manner of their compensation.SEC. 31. And be it further enacted, That the governor, secretary, and Governor, sec-other officers to be appointed pursuant to this act, shall, before they act retarv, &c. toas such, respectively, take and subscribe an oath or affirmation before a firmation.judge of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, or some justiceof the peace in the limits of said District, duly authorized to administeroaths or affirmations by the laws now in force therein, or before theChief Justice or some associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Unit-ed States, to support the Constitution of the United States, and faithfullyto discharge the duties of their respective offices; which said oaths, when Oaths to beso taken, shall be certified by the person before whom the same shall have certified, &c.been taken; and such certificates shall be received and recorded by thesaid secretary among the executive proceedings; and all civil officers insaid District, before they act as such, shall take and subscribe a like oathor affirmation before the said governor or secretary, or some judge or jus-tice of the peace of the District, who may be duly commissioned andqualified, or before the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the UnitedStates, which said oath or affirmation shall be certified and transmitted bythe person administering the same to the secretary, to be by him recordedas aforesaid; and afterward the like oath or affirmation shall be takenand subscribed, certified and recorded in such manner and form as maybe prescribed by law.SEC. 32. And be itfurther enacted, That the governor shall receive an Salaries ofannual salary of three thousand dollars; and the secretary shall receive an governor andannual salary of two thousand dollars, and that the said salaries shall be secretary.paid quarter-yearly, from the dates of the respective appointments, at thetreasury of the United States; but no payment shall be made until saidofficers shall have entered upon the duties of their respective appoint-ments. The members of the legislative assembly shall be entitled to Payofmem-receive four dollars each per day during their actual attendance at the bersofassembly.session thereof, and an additional allowance of four dollars per day shallbe paid to the presiding officer of each house for each day he shall sopreside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk, one engrossing and One Clerks andenrolling clerk, and a sergeant-at-arms may be chosen for each house; sergeant-at-ar
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 62. 1871.and the chief clerk shall receive four dollars per day, and the said otherofficers three dollars per day, during the session of the legislative assem-Sessions of bly Provided, That there shall be but one session of the legislativelegislative as- assembly annually, unless, on an extraordinary occasion, the governorsembly. shall think proper to call the legislative assembly together. And theDisburaements governor and secretary of the District shall, in the disbursement of allofappropriations moneys appropriated by Congress and intrusted to them, be governedby Congress. solely by the instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury of the UnitedStates, and shall semiannually account to the said Secretary for the man-ner in which the aforesaid moneys shall have been expended; and noexpenditure shall be made by the said legislative assembly of funds ap-propriated by Congress, for objects not especially authorized by acts ofCongress making the appropriations, nor beyond the sums thus appro-priated for such objects.First session of SEC. 33. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly oflegislative as- the District of Columbia shall hold its first session at such time and placesembly. in said District as the governor thereof shall appoint and direct.Delegate to SEC. 34. And be it further enacted, That a delegate to the House oftepresetatves Representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years;who shall be a citizen of the United States and of the District of Colum-bia, and shall have the qualifications of a voter, may be elected by thevoters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly, who shall beentitled to the same rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyedby the delegates from the several Territories of the United States to theHouse of Representatives, and shall also be a member of the committeefor the District of Columbia; but the delegate first elected shall hold hisseat only during the term of the Congress to which he shall be elected.The first election shall be held at the time and places and be conductedin such manner as the elections for members of the House of Represen-tatives are conducted; and at all subsequent elections the time andplaces and the manner of holding the elections shall be prescribed byPlurality to law. The person having the greatest number of legal votes shall be de-eleot. dared by the governor to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof shallConstitution be given accordingly; and the Constitution and all the laws of the Unit-in force in ed States, which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same forcethe District. and effect within the said District of Columbia as elsewhere within theUnited States.Disbursing of- Slgc; 35. And be it further enacted, That all officers to be appointedfleers to give se-curity approved by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and con-bb Secretary of sent of the Senate, for the District of Columbia, who, by virtue of theTressury; provisions of any law now existing, or which may be enacted by Con-gress, are required to give security for moneys that may be intrusted tothem for disbursement, shall give such security at such time and in suchmanner as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe.Valuation of SEC. 36. And be it further enacted, That there shall be a valuationproperty of theUnfted States in taken in the District of Columbia of all real estate belonging to the Unit-the District ex- ed States in said District, except the public buildings, and the groundscept, &o. to be which have been dedicated to the public use as parks and squares, atmade every fiveyears, and return least once in five years, and return thereof shall be made by the governorthereof made. to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Represent-atives on the first day of the session of Congress held after such valuationshall be taken, and the aggregate of the valuation of private property insaid District, whenever made by the authority of the legislative assembly,Valuation to shall be reported to Congress by the governor: Provided, That all valua-whom. b y tions of property belonging to the United States shall be made by suchpersons as the Secretary of the Interior shall appoint, and under suchregulations as he shall prescribe.Board of pub- SEC. 37. And be it further enacted, That there shall be in the Districtlie works. of Columbia a board of public works, to consist of the governor, who426
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. Cu. 62. 1871.shall be president of said board; four persons, to be appointed by the Board of publicPresident of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of works,ofwhomto consist;the Senate, one of whom shall be a civil engineer, and the others citizens Vol. xvii. p. 7.and residents of the District, having the qualifications of an electortherein; one of said board shall be a citizen and resident of Georgetown,and one of said board shall be a citizen and resident of the county out-side of the cities of Washington and Georgetown. They shall hold office termof office;for the term of four years, unless sooner removed by the President of theUnited States. The board of public works shall have entire control of powers andand make all regulations which they shall deem necessary for keeping in duties.repair the streets, avenues, alleys, and sewers of the city, and all other sewers.works which may be intrusted to their charge by the legislative assemblyor Congress. They shall disburse upon their warrant all moneys appro- Disbursementpriated by the United States, or the District of Columbia, or collected of moneys.from property-holders, in pursuance of law, for the improvement ofstreets, avenues, alleys, and sewers, and roads and bridges, and shallassess in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, upon the propertyadjoining and to be specially benefited by the improvements authorized Betterments.*by law and made by them, a reasonable proportion of the cost of the im-provement, not exceeding one third of such cost, which sum shall becollected as all other taxes are collected. They shall make all necessary Private build-regulations respecting the construction of private buildings in the District ings.of Columbia, subject to the supervision of the legislative assembly. Allcontracts made by the said board of public works shall be in writing, and Contracts.shall be signed by the parties making the same, and a copy thereof shallbe filed in the office of the secretary of the District; and said board of Limit to powerpublic works shall have no power to make contracts to bind said District to contract.to the payment of any sums of money except in pursuance of appropria-tions made by law, and not until such appropriations shall have beenmade. All contracts made by said board in which any member of saidboard shall be personally interested shall be void, and no payment shallbe made thereon by said District or any officers thereof. On or beforethe first Monday in November of each year, they shall submit to each Annualreportbranch of the legislative assembly a report of their transactions duringthe preceding year, and also furnish duplicates of the same to the gov-ernor, to be by him laid before the President of the United States fortransmission to the two houses of Congress; and shall be paid the sum Pay.of two thousand five hundred dollars each annually.SEC. 38. And be it further enacted, That the officers herein provided Officers ap-for, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and poinedby tohbeconsent of the Senate, shall be paid by the United States by appropria- paid by the Unit-tions to be made by law as hereinbefore provided; and all other officers ed States.of said District provided for by this act shall be paid by the District: therofficers.Provided, That no salary shall be paid to the governor as a member of Proviso.the board of public works in addition to his salary as governor, nor shallany officer of the army appointed upon the board of public works receiveany increase of pay for such service.SEC. 39. And be it further enacted, That if, at any election hereafter Penalty for il-held in the District of Columbia, any person shall knowingly personate llgal otin cndtand vote, or attempt to vote, in the name of any other person, whether at elections.living, dead, or fictitious, or vote more than once at the same election forany candidate for the same office, or vote at a place where he may not beentitled to vote, or vote without having a lawful right to vote, or do anyunlawful act to secure a right or opportunity to vote for himself or anyother person, or by force, threats, menace, or intimidation, bribery, reward,or offer, or promise thereof, or otherwise unlawfully prevent any qualifiedvoter of the District of Columbia from freely exercising the right ofsuffrage, or by any such means induce any voter to refuse to exercisesuch right, or compel or induce, by any such means or otherwise, any427
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. Sass. III. CH. 62. 1871.Penalty for il- officer of any election in said District to receive a vote from a person notlegal voting and legally qualified or entitled to vote; or interfere in any manner with anyt lelctionds. officer of said elections in the discharge of his duties; or by any unlawfulmeans induce any officer of an election, or officer whose duty it is to as-certain, announce, or declare the result of any such election, or give ormake any certificate, document, or evidence in relation thereto, to violateor refuse to comply with his duty, or any law regulating the same; orknowingly and wilfully receive the vote of any person not entitled tovote, or refuse to receive the vote of any person entitled to vote; or aid,counsel, procure, or advise any such voter, person, or officer to do anyact hereby made a crime, or to omit to do any duty the omission of whichis hereby made a crime, or attempt to do so, every such person shall bedeemed guilty of a crime, and shall for such crime be liable to prosecu-tion in any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction, and onconviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundreddollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or both,in the discretion of the court, and shall pay the costs of prosecution.Charters of SEC. 40. And be it further enacted, That the charters of the cities ofWashington and Washington and Georgetown shall be repealed on and after the firstpeoled from day of June, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and all offices ofJun:e 1.1871, and said corporations abolished at that date; the levy court of the Districtoficea abolished. Of Columbia and all offices connected therewith shall be abolished on andLaws and or- after said first day of June, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-one; butdinances to be in all laws and ordinances of said cities, respectively, and of said levy court,force until not inconsistent with this act, shall remain in full force until modifiedor repealed by Congress or the legislative assembly of said District; thatWashington. portion of said District included within the present limits of the city ofWashington shall continue to be known as the city of Washington ; andGeorgetown that portion of said District included within the limits of the city ofGeorgetown shall continue to be known as the city of Georgetown; andSpecial tax. the legislative assembly shall have power to levy a special tax uponproperty, except the property of the government of the United States,within the city of Washington for the payment of the debts of said city;and upon property, except the property of the government of the UnitedStates, within the limits of the city of Georgetown for the payment ofthe debts of said city; and upon property, except the property of the gov-ernment of the United States, within said District not included within thelimits of either of said cities to pay any debts owing by that portion of saidCharteor and District: Provided, That the charters of said cities severally, and thelevy court con-tinued for cer- powers of said levy court, shall be continued for the following purposes, totain purposes. wit: For the collection of all sums of money due to said cities, respec-tively, or to said levy court; for the enforcement of all contracts made bysaid cities, respectively, or by said levy court, and all taxes, heretoforeassessed, remaining unpaid; for the collection of all just claims againstsaid cities, respectively, or against said levy court; for the enforcementof all legal contracts against said cities, respectively, or against said levycourt, until the affifirs of said cities, respectively, and of said levy court,Pending snits. shall have been fully closed; and no suit in favor of or against said cor-porations, or either of them, shall abate by reason of the passage of thisact, but the same shall be prosecuted to final judgment as if this act hadnot been passed.No election for SgaC 41. And be it further enacted, That there shall be no electioneorgeto&wno holden for mayor or members of the common council of the city ofprior to June 1, Georgetown prior to the first day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy-187- one, but the present mayor and common council of said city shall holdNo taxes to be their offices until said first day of June next. No taxes for generalassessed b mu- purposes shall hereafter be assessed by the municipal authorities of thenioipal autori- p o se y e u a ois 0ties. cities of Washington or Georgetown, or by said levy court. And uponthe repeal of the charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown,
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. CH. 62, 63, 64, 65. 1871.the District of Columbia be, and is hereby, declared to be the successor Districtof Co-· ·lumbia to be theof said corporations, and all the property of said corporations, and of successor of thethe county of Washington, shall become vested in the said District of cities of Wash-Columbia, and all fines, penalties, costs, and forfeitures, which are now ington andby law made payable to said cities, respectively, or said levy court, shall Fines andbe paid to said District of Columbia, and the salaries of the judge and costs.clerk of the police court, the compensation of thS deputy clerk and bailiffsof said police court, and of the marshall of the District of Columbia shallbe paid by said District: Provided, That the moneys collected upon the Salaries ofjudgements of said police court, or so much thereof as may be necessary, judge and otherofficers of policeshall be applied to the payment of the salaries of the judge and other court.officers of said court, and to the payment of the necessary expensesthereof, and any surplus remaining after paying the salaries, comp Surplus to betion, and expenses aforesaid, shall be paid into the treasury of the District paid into theat the end of every quarter.
APPROVED, February 21, 1871.CHAP. LXIII. -
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THe Act of 1871: The “United States” Is a Corporation – There are Two Constitutions
By POPEYE Tweet
(POPEYE) Since the Act of 1871 which established the District of Columbia, we have been living under the UNITED STATES CORPORATION which is owned by certain international bankers and aristocracy of Europe and Britain.
In 1871 the Congress changed the name of the original Constitution by changing ONE WORD — and that was very significant as you will read.
Some people do not understand that ONE WORD or TWO WORDS difference in any “legal” document DO make the critical difference. But, Congress has known, and does know, this.
1871, February 21: Congress Passes an Act to Provide a Government for the District of Columbia, also known as the Act of 1871.
With no constitutional authority to do so, Congress creates a separate form of government for the District of Columbia, a ten mile square parcel of land (see, Acts of the Forty-first Congress,” Section 34, Session III, chapters 61 and 62).
The act — passed when the country was weakened and financially depleted in the aftermath of the Civil War — was a strategic move by foreign interests (international bankers) who were intent upon gaining a stranglehold on the coffers and neck of America.
Congress cut a deal with the international bankers (specifically Rothschilds of London) to incur a DEBT to said bankers. Because the bankers were not about to lend money to a floundering nation without serious stipulations, they devised a way to get their foot in the door of the United States.
The Act of 1871 formed a corporation called THE UNITED STATES. The corporation, OWNED by foreign interests, moved in and shoved the original Constitution into a dustbin. With the Act of 1871, the organic Constitution was defaced — in effect vandalized and sabotage — when the title was capitalized and the word “for” was changed to “of” in the title.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA is the constitution of the incorporated UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
It operates in an economic capacity and has been used to fool the People into thinking it governs the Republic. It does is not!
Capitalization is NOT insignificant when one is referring to a legal document. This seemingly “minor” alteration has had a major impact on every subsequent generation of Americans.
What Congress did by passing the Act of 1871 was create an entirely new document, a constitution for the government of the District of Columbia, an INCORPORATED government. This newly altered Constitution was not intended to benefit the Republic. It benefits only the corporation of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and operates entirely outside the original (organic) Constitution.
Instead of having absolute and unalienable rights guaranteed under the organic Constitution, we the people now have “relative” rights or privileges. One example is the Sovereign’s right to travel, which has now been transformed (under corporate government policy) into a “privilege” that requires citizens to be licensed.
By passing the Act of 1871, Congress committed TREASON against the People who were Sovereign under the grants and decrees of the Declaration of Independence and the organic Constitution.
The Act of 1871 became the FOUNDATION of all the treason since committed by government officials.
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The Bottom Line: "The Act of 1871 became the FOUNDATION of all the treason since committed by government officials."
[What is the difference between the "united States" and "THE UNITED STATES"?
What is the difference between "for" and "of"? As an old song says "little things mean a lot.."]
RE: The Act of 1871: The “United States” Is a Corporation – There are Two Constitutions
https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/41st-congress/session-3/c41s3ch62.pdf
pp 419-429
[Note: It is my understanding that there were modifications in 1875 and a final version in 1879 but cannot find those. However, the 1879 was quoted in a court case later where the judge listed the provisions of the 1879 version. Sorry but cannot locate that cite now. (research lost on a crashed hard drive) Bottom line it provides and protects COMMERCE but ignores all else. Therefore, in court which Constitution has the Court personnel sworn an oath to uphold? Further, which CONSTITUTION have all the government officials sworn an oath to uphold?
See this link for more info: http://www.federaljack.com/slavery-by-consent-the-united-states-corporation/ - text below the copy of the legislation ] bez7x11
Copied as is from pdf found at link listed above "..statutes-at-large"
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 61, 62. 1871.
CHAP. LXII. -An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia. Feb. 21, 1871.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Vol. xvii. p 16.States of America in Congress assembled, That all that part of the terri- DistrictofCo-tory of the United States included within the limits of the District of lutbia consti-tuted a body cor-Columbia be, and the same is hereby, created into a government by the porate for muni-name of the District of Columbia, by which name it is hereby constituted cipal purposes.a body corporate for municipal purposes, and may contract and be con- Powers, &c.tracted with, sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, have a seal, andexercise all other powers of a municipal corporation not inconsistent withthe Constitution and laws of the United States and the provisions of thisact.SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the executive power and au- Governor, ap-thority in and over said District of Columbia shall be vested in a gov- pointment, andernor, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the adviceand consent of the Senate, and who shall hold his office for four years,and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. The governor qualifications;shall be a citizen of and shall have resided within said District twelvemonths before his appointment, and have the qualifications of an elector.He may grant pardons and respites for offenses against the laws of said powers andDistrict enacted by the legislative assembly thereof; he shall commissionall officers who shall be elected or appointed to office under the laws ofthe said District enacted as aforesaid, and shall take care that the lawsbe faithfully executed.SEC. 3. And be it fiurther enacted, That every bill which shall have Vetopowerpassed the council and house of delegates shall, before it becomes a law,be presented to the governor of the District of Columbia; if he approve,he shall sign it, hut if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to thehouse in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at
IRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. Cu. 62. 1871.Veto power of large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re-governor. consideration, two thirds of all the members appointed or elected to thehouse shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the ob-jections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,and if approved by two thirds of all the members appointed or elected tothat house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of bothhouses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per-sons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of eachBills not re- house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governorturned within within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented ton days, & him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unlessthe legislative assembly by their adjournment prevent its return, in whichcase it shall not be a law.Secretary of SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That there shall be appointed by thethe District. President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, a secretaryResidence, of said District, who shall reside therein and possess the qualification ofterm of office an elector, and shall hold his office for four years, and until his successorshall be appointed and qualified; he shall record and preserve all lawsand proceedings of the legislative assembly hereinafter constituted, andall the acts and proceedings of the governor in his executive department;he shall transmit one copy of the laws and journals of the legislative as-sembly within thirty days after the end of each session, and one copy ofthe executive proceedings and official correspondence semiannually, onthe first days of January and July in each year, to the President of theUnited States, and four copies of the laws to the President of the Senateand to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for the use of Con-Whento act as gress; and in case of the death, removal, resignation, disability, or ab-governor. sence, of the governor from the District, the secretary shall be, and he ishereby, authorized and required to execute and perfobm all the powersand duties of the governor during such vacancy, disability, or absence, oruntil another governor shall be duly appointed and qualified to fill suchProvision if of- vacancy. And in case the offices of governor and secretary shall bothflcesof governor become vacant, the powers, duties, and emoluments of the office of gov-and secretary arenacantc, &.Y ernor shall devolve upon the presiding officer of the council, and in casethat office shall also be vacant, upon the presiding officer of the house ofdelegates, until the office shall be filled by a new appointment.Legislative as- SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That legislative power and authorityemblys. in said District shall be vested in a legislative assembly as hereinafterCouncil; provided. The assembly shall consist of a council and house of delegates.number, resi- The council shall consist of eleven members, of whom two shall be resi-dneen, appoint- dents of the city of Georgetown, and two residents of the county outsidefice, &c. of the cities of Washington and Georgetown, who shall be appointed bythe President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, whoshall have the qualification of voters as hereinafter prescribed, five ofwhom shall be first appointed for the term of one year, and six for theperiod of two years, provided that all subsequent appointments shall beHouse of dele- for the term of two years. The house of delegates shall consist of twenty-ngaSnbr, term two members, possessing the same qualifications as prescribed for theof office, &c. members of the council, whose term of service shall continue one year.Districts. An apportionment shall be made, as nearly equal as practicable, intoeleven districts for the appointment of the council, and into twenty-twodistricts for the election of delegates, giving to each section of the Dis-trict representation in the ratio of its population as nearly as may be.Residence. And the members of the council and of the house of delegates shall re-side in and be inhabitants of the districts from which they are appointedFirst election. or elected, respectively. For the purposes of the first election to be heldunder this act, the governor and judges of the supreme court of the Dis-trict of Columbia shall designate the districts for members of the houseof delegates, appoint a board of registration and persons to superintend
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 62. 1871.the election and the returns thereof, prescribe the time, places, and man- Elections ofner of conducting such election, and make all needful rules and regula- delegates;tions for carrying into effect the provisions of this act not otherwiseherein provided fbr: Provided, That the first election shall be held within when to besixty days fiom the passage of this act. In the first and all subsequent held.ut toelections the persons having the highest number of legal votes for the elect.house of delegates, respectively, shall be declared by the governor dulyelected members of said house. In case two or more persons voted for New election,shall have an equal number of votes for the same office, or if a vacancy if vote is equalshall occur in the house of delegates, the governor shall order a new cancy.election. And the persons thus appointed and elected to the legislative Time andassembly shall meet at such time and at such place within the District as placeof meeting.the governor shall appoint; but thereafter the time, place, and manner ofholding and conducting all elections by the people, and the formation ofthe districts for members of the council and house of delegates, shall beprescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular Sessions not tosessions of the legislative assembly: Provided, That no session in any one exceed sixtyear shall exceed the term of sixty days, except the first session, which first.may continue one hundred days.SEC. 6. And be it farther enacted, That the legislative assembly shall Part of dis-have power to divide that portion of the District not included in the tridt may be dip e vided into town-corporate limits of Washington or Georgetown into townships, not ships.exceeding three, and create township officers, and prescribe the duties Township of-thereof; but all township officers shall be elected by the people of the ficers.townships respectively.SEC. 7. And be itfurther enacted, That all male citizens of the United Voters, theirStates, above the age of twenty-ono years, who shall have been actual uresidents of said District for three months prior to the passage of thisact, except such as are non compos mentis and persons convicted ofinfamous crimes, shall be entitled to vote at said election, in the electiondistrict or precinct in which he shall then reside, and shall have soresided for thirty days immediately preceding said election, and shall' beeligible to any offi e -within the said District, and for all subsequentelections twelve months' prior residence shall be required to constitute Right of suf-a voter; but the legislative assembly shall have no right to abridge or fabridgto belimit the right of suffrage.SEC. 8. And be itfurtlher enacted, That no person who has been or Certain per-hereafter shall be convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime, ols disqualifiednor any person who has been or may be a collector or holder of public ship in the as-moneys who shall not have accounted for and paid over, upon final judg- sembly or hold-ment duly recovered according to law, all such moneys due from him, ing ffice.shall be eligible to the legislative assembly or to any office of profit ortrust in said District.SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That members of the legislative Oath of meassembly, before they enter upon their official duties, shall take and ersofthe lebls-subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (oraffirm) that I will support the Constitution of the United States, andwill faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which I am aboutto enter; and that I have not knowingly or intentionally paid or con-tributed anything, or made any promise in the nature of a bribe, todirectly or indirectly influence any vote at the election at which I was,chosen to fill the said office, and have not accepted, nor will I accept, orreceive, directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing forany vote or influence that I may give or withhold on any bill, resolution,or appropriation, or for any other official act." Any member who shall Refusaltotakerefuse to take the oath herein prescribed shall forfeit his office, and every to forfeof-person who shall be convicted of having sworn falsely to or of violating Falseoath,&c.his said oath shall forfeit his office and be disqualified thereafter from to isqupeify andholding any office of profit or trust in said District, and shall be421
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEssIII. II C. 62. 1871.deemed guilty of perjury, and upon conviction shall be punished accord-ingly.Quorumof leg- SEc. 10. And be itfurther enacted, That a majority of the legislativeislative ssem- assembly appointed or elected to each house shall constitute a quorum.bl iembers. The house of delegates shall be the judge of the election returns andRules. qualifications of its members. Each house shall determine the rules ofits proceedings, and shall choose its own officers. The governor shallOrganization call the council to order at the opening of each new assembly; and theof each new as- secretary of the District shall call the house of delegates to order at thesembly. opening of each new legislative assembly, and shall preside over it untila temporary presiding officer shall have been chosen and shall haveExpulsion of taken his seat. No member shall be expelled by either house except bymembers. a vote of two thirds of all the members appointed or elected to thatPunishmentfor house. Each house may punish by imprisonment any person not acontempt. member who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house by disorderly orcontemptuous behavior in its presence; but no such imprisonment shallAdjournment. extend beyond twenty-four hours at one time. Neither house shall,without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than two days, or toany other place than that in which such house shall be sitting. At theYeas and nays. request of any member the yeas and nays shall be taken upon any ques-tion and entered upon the journal.Bills, where to SEC. 11. And be itfurther enacted, That bills may originate in eitherorigiateo inal house, but may be altered, amended, or rejected by the other; and onpassage. the final passage of all bills the vote shall be by yeas and nays upon eachbill separately, and shall be entered upon the journal, and no bill shallbecome a law without the concurrence of a majority of the memberselected to each house.Beading of SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That every bill shall be read atbills. large on three different days in each house. No act shall embrace moreActs to em-brace but one than one subject, and that shall be expressed in its title; but if any sub-subject; ject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in thetitle, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be sowhen to take expressed in the title; and no act of the legislative assembly shall takeeffect. effect until thirty days after its passage, unless, in case of emergency,(which emergency shall be expressed in the preamble or body of the act,)the legislative assembly shall by a vote of two thirds of all the membersappointed or elected to each house otherwise direct.Money not to SEC. 13. And be it further enacted, That no money shall be drawnbe drawn from from the treasury of the District, except in pursuance of an appropria-treasury, except,&0 tion made by law, and no bill making appropriations for the pay or sal-Appropriation aries of the officers of the District government shall contain any pro-bills, visions on any other subject.Appropriations, SEC. 14. And be it further enacted, That each legislative assemblydwed torepro- shall provide for all the appropriations necessary for the ordinary andcontingent expenses of the government of the District until the expira-tion of the first fiscal quarter after the adjournment of the next regularsession, the aggregate amount of which shall not be increased withouta vote of two thirds of the members elected or appointed to each houseas herein provided, nor exceed the amount of revenue authorized bywhen to end. law to be raised in such time, and all appropriations, general or special,requiring money to be paid out of the District treasury, from fundsbelonging to the District, shall end with such fiscal quarter; and noto debt by debt, by which the aggregate debt of the District shall exceed five perwhich, &o. to be cent. of the assessed property of the District, shall be contracted, unlesslesntr d un the law authorizing the same shall at a general election have been sub-See § 20. mitted to the people and have received a majority of the votes cast forPost, p. 42. members of the legislative assembly at such election. The legislativeassembly shall provide for the publication of said law in at least twonewspapers in the District for three months, at least, before the vote of
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 62. 1871.the people shall be taken on the same, and provision shall be made in the People to voteact for the payment of the interest annually, as it shall accrue, by a tax thereon and onlevied for the purpose, or from other sources of revenue, which law tax levyproviding for the payment of such interest by such tax shall be irre-pealable until such debt be paid: Provided, That the law levying the taxshall be submitted to the people with the law authorizing the debt to becontracted.SEC. 15. And be itfurther enacted, That the legislative assembly shall No extra al-never grant or authorize extra compensation, fee, or allowance to any loPanpes, &fi topublic officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after service has been ren- cer.dered or a contract made, nor authorize the payment of any claim, or Certain pay-ments not to bepart thereof, hereafter created against the District under any contract made.or agreement made, without express authority of law; and all suchunauthorized agreements or contracts shall be null and void.SEC. 16. And be it further enacted, That the District shall never pay, Credit of theassume, or become responsible for the debts or liabilities of, or in any Distrit0otto bemanner give, loan, or extend its credit to or in aid of any public or other ane,corporation, association, or individual.SEc. 17. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly shall Special lawsnot pass special laws in any of the following cases, that is to say: For not to be t pssedgranting divorces; regulating the practice in courts of justice; regulating fied cases.the jurisdiction or duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates, orconstables; providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases, orswearing and impaneling jurors; remitting fines, penalties, or forfeitures;the sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others underdisability; changing the law of descent; increasing or decreasing thefees of public officers during the term for which said officers are electedor appointed; granting to any corporation, association, or individual, anyspecial or exclusive privilege, immunity, or franchise whatsoever. Thelegislative assembly shall have no power to release or extinguish, in whole Assembly toor in part, the indebtedness, liability, or obligation of any corporation or have no power toindividual to the District or to any municipal corporation therein, norshall the legislative assembly have power to establish any bank of circu-lation, nor to authorize any company or individual to issue notes for cir-culation as money or currency.SEC. 18. And be it further enacted, That the legislative power of the LegislativeDistrict shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation within said Dis- pow the Dis-trict, consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the pro- what.visions of this act, subject, nevertheless, to all the restrictions and limita-tions imposed upon States by the tenth section of the first article of theConstitution of the United States; but all acts of the legislative assembly All acts sub-shall at all times be subject to repeal or modification by the Congress of 'ecttorepeal,&cthe United States, and nothing herein shall be construed to deprive Con-gress of the power of legislation over said District in as ample manner asif this law had not been enacted.SEC. 19. And be it further enacted, That no member of the legislative Members of as-assembly shall hold or be appointed to any office, which shall have been emblyi not tocreated or the salary or emoluments of which shall have been increased offices.while he was a member, during the term for which he was appointed orelected, and for one year after the expiration of such term; and no per- Certain per-son holding any office of trust or profit under the government of the sonsnot to bemembers of as-United States shall be a member of the legislative assembly. sembly.SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That the said legislative assembly Limit to powershall not have power to pass any ex post facto law, nor law impairing the of assembly.obligation of contracts, nor to tax the property of the United States, norto tax the lands or other property of non-residents higher than the landsor other property of residents; nor shall lands or other propertyin said district be liable to a higher tax, in any one year,for all general objects, territorial and municipal, than two dollars on
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. CH. 62. 1871.everv hundred dollars of the cash value thereof; but special taxes maySpecialtaxes. b levied in particular sections, wards, or districts for their particularBorrowing local improvements; nor shall said territorial government have power tomoney orissuing borrow money or issue stock or bonds for any object whatever, unlessspecially authorized by an act of the legislative assembly, passed by avote of two thirds of the entire number of the members of each branchthereof, but said debt in no case to exceed five per centum of the assessedSee § 14. value of the property of said District, unless authorized by a vote of theAnte, p. 422. people, as hereinafter [hereinbefore] provided.Certain prop- SEC. 21. And be it further enacted, That the property of that portionerty not to be of the District not included in the corporations of Washington or George-purptaxed for certain town shall not be taxed for the purposes either of improving the streets,alleys, public squares, or other public property of the said cities, or eitherof them, nor for any other expenditure of a local nature, for the exclusivebenefit of said cities, or either of them, nor for the payment of any debtheretofore contracted, or that may hereafter be contracted by either ofsaid cities while remaining under a municipal government not coexten-siv. with the District.Property in SEC. 22. And be it further enacted, That the property within the cor-Georgetown and porate limits of Georgetown shall not be taxed for the payment of anyWashington notto be taxed for debt heretofore or hereafter to be contracted by the corporation of Wash-certainpurposes. ington, nor shall the property within the corporate limits of Washington betaxed for the payment of any debt heretofore or hereafter to be contractedby the corporation of Georgetown; and so long as said cities shall re-main under distinct municipal governments, the property within the cor-porate limits of either of said cities shall not be taxed for the local benefitof the other; nor shall said cities, or either of them, be taxed for the ex-Roads and elusive benefit of the county outside of the limits thereof: Provided, Thatbridges, the legislative assembly may make appropriations for the repair of roads,or for the construction or repair of bridges outside the limits of saidcities.Schools and SEC. 23. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of saidschool moneys. legislative assembly to maintain a system of free schools for the educa-tion of the youth of said District, and all moneys raised by general taxa-.tion or arising from donations by Congress, or from other sources, exceptby bequest or devise, for school purposes, shall be appropriated for theequal benefit of all the youths of said District between certain ages, to bedefined by law.Justices of the SEc. 24. And be it further enacted, That the said legislative assemblypeace and nota- shall have power to provide for the appointment of as many justices ofs pub. the peace and notaries public for said District as may be deemed neces-Jurisdiction sary, to define their jurisdiction and prescribe their duties; but justices ofand duties. the peace shall not have jurisdiction of any controversy in which the titleof land may be in dispute, or in which the debt or sum claimed shallThose now in exceed one hundred dollars: Provided, however, That all justices of thefito c- peace and notaries public now in commission shall continue in office tilltheir present commissions expire, unless sooner removed pursuant toexisting laws.Judicial courts SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That the judicial courts of saidto remain, &c. District shall remain as now organized until abolished or changedPractice there- by act of Congress; but such legislative assembly shall have power toof and jurisdic-tifon.l -pass laws modifying the practice thereof, and conferring such additionaljurisdiction as may be necessary to the due execution and enforcement ofthe laws of said District.Board of SEc. 26. And be it further enacted, That there shall be appointed b-Appointment, the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consentpowers and du- of the Senate, a board of health for said District, to consist of five per-ties. sons, whose duty it shall be to declare what shall be deemed nuisancesinjurious to health, and to provide for the removal thereof; to make and
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. CH. 62. 1871.425enforce regulations to prevent domestic animals from running at large in Boardofhealth.the cities of Washington and Georgetown; to prevent the sale of un-wholesome food in said cities; and to perform such other duties as shallbe imposed upon said board by the legislative assembly.SEC. 27. And be it further enacted, That the offices and duties of reg- Register ofister of wills, recorder of deeds, United States attorney, and United wills,recorder ofStates marshal for said District shall remain as under existing laws till Attorney andmodified by act of Congress; but said legislative assembly shall have marshal.power to impose such additional duties upon said officers, respectively, asmay be necessary to the due enforcement of the laws of said District.SEC. 28. And be it further enacted, That the said legislative assembly Corporations;shall have power to create by general law, modify, repeal, or amend,within said District, corporations aggregate for religious, charitable, edu-cational, industrial, or commercial purposes, and to define their powers and liabilities: Provided, That the powers of corporations so created limited to theshall be limited to the District of Columbia. District.SEC. 29. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly Paupers.shall define by law who shall be entitled to relief as paupers in said Dis-trict, and shall provide by law for the support and maintenance of suchpaupers, and for that purpose shall raise the money necessary by taxa-tion.SEC. 30. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly shall Ministerial of-have power to provide by law for the election or appointment of such ficers.ministerial officers as may be deemed necessary to carry into effect thelaws of said District, to prescribe their duties, their terms of office, andthe rate and manner of their compensation.SEC. 31. And be it further enacted, That the governor, secretary, and Governor, sec-other officers to be appointed pursuant to this act, shall, before they act retarv, &c. toas such, respectively, take and subscribe an oath or affirmation before a firmation.judge of the supreme court of the District of Columbia, or some justiceof the peace in the limits of said District, duly authorized to administeroaths or affirmations by the laws now in force therein, or before theChief Justice or some associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Unit-ed States, to support the Constitution of the United States, and faithfullyto discharge the duties of their respective offices; which said oaths, when Oaths to beso taken, shall be certified by the person before whom the same shall have certified, &c.been taken; and such certificates shall be received and recorded by thesaid secretary among the executive proceedings; and all civil officers insaid District, before they act as such, shall take and subscribe a like oathor affirmation before the said governor or secretary, or some judge or jus-tice of the peace of the District, who may be duly commissioned andqualified, or before the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the UnitedStates, which said oath or affirmation shall be certified and transmitted bythe person administering the same to the secretary, to be by him recordedas aforesaid; and afterward the like oath or affirmation shall be takenand subscribed, certified and recorded in such manner and form as maybe prescribed by law.SEC. 32. And be itfurther enacted, That the governor shall receive an Salaries ofannual salary of three thousand dollars; and the secretary shall receive an governor andannual salary of two thousand dollars, and that the said salaries shall be secretary.paid quarter-yearly, from the dates of the respective appointments, at thetreasury of the United States; but no payment shall be made until saidofficers shall have entered upon the duties of their respective appoint-ments. The members of the legislative assembly shall be entitled to Payofmem-receive four dollars each per day during their actual attendance at the bersofassembly.session thereof, and an additional allowance of four dollars per day shallbe paid to the presiding officer of each house for each day he shall sopreside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk, one engrossing and One Clerks andenrolling clerk, and a sergeant-at-arms may be chosen for each house; sergeant-at-ar
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SEss. III. CH. 62. 1871.and the chief clerk shall receive four dollars per day, and the said otherofficers three dollars per day, during the session of the legislative assem-Sessions of bly Provided, That there shall be but one session of the legislativelegislative as- assembly annually, unless, on an extraordinary occasion, the governorsembly. shall think proper to call the legislative assembly together. And theDisburaements governor and secretary of the District shall, in the disbursement of allofappropriations moneys appropriated by Congress and intrusted to them, be governedby Congress. solely by the instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury of the UnitedStates, and shall semiannually account to the said Secretary for the man-ner in which the aforesaid moneys shall have been expended; and noexpenditure shall be made by the said legislative assembly of funds ap-propriated by Congress, for objects not especially authorized by acts ofCongress making the appropriations, nor beyond the sums thus appro-priated for such objects.First session of SEC. 33. And be it further enacted, That the legislative assembly oflegislative as- the District of Columbia shall hold its first session at such time and placesembly. in said District as the governor thereof shall appoint and direct.Delegate to SEC. 34. And be it further enacted, That a delegate to the House oftepresetatves Representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years;who shall be a citizen of the United States and of the District of Colum-bia, and shall have the qualifications of a voter, may be elected by thevoters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly, who shall beentitled to the same rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyedby the delegates from the several Territories of the United States to theHouse of Representatives, and shall also be a member of the committeefor the District of Columbia; but the delegate first elected shall hold hisseat only during the term of the Congress to which he shall be elected.The first election shall be held at the time and places and be conductedin such manner as the elections for members of the House of Represen-tatives are conducted; and at all subsequent elections the time andplaces and the manner of holding the elections shall be prescribed byPlurality to law. The person having the greatest number of legal votes shall be de-eleot. dared by the governor to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof shallConstitution be given accordingly; and the Constitution and all the laws of the Unit-in force in ed States, which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same forcethe District. and effect within the said District of Columbia as elsewhere within theUnited States.Disbursing of- Slgc; 35. And be it further enacted, That all officers to be appointedfleers to give se-curity approved by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and con-bb Secretary of sent of the Senate, for the District of Columbia, who, by virtue of theTressury; provisions of any law now existing, or which may be enacted by Con-gress, are required to give security for moneys that may be intrusted tothem for disbursement, shall give such security at such time and in suchmanner as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe.Valuation of SEC. 36. And be it further enacted, That there shall be a valuationproperty of theUnfted States in taken in the District of Columbia of all real estate belonging to the Unit-the District ex- ed States in said District, except the public buildings, and the groundscept, &o. to be which have been dedicated to the public use as parks and squares, atmade every fiveyears, and return least once in five years, and return thereof shall be made by the governorthereof made. to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Represent-atives on the first day of the session of Congress held after such valuationshall be taken, and the aggregate of the valuation of private property insaid District, whenever made by the authority of the legislative assembly,Valuation to shall be reported to Congress by the governor: Provided, That all valua-whom. b y tions of property belonging to the United States shall be made by suchpersons as the Secretary of the Interior shall appoint, and under suchregulations as he shall prescribe.Board of pub- SEC. 37. And be it further enacted, That there shall be in the Districtlie works. of Columbia a board of public works, to consist of the governor, who426
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. Cu. 62. 1871.shall be president of said board; four persons, to be appointed by the Board of publicPresident of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of works,ofwhomto consist;the Senate, one of whom shall be a civil engineer, and the others citizens Vol. xvii. p. 7.and residents of the District, having the qualifications of an electortherein; one of said board shall be a citizen and resident of Georgetown,and one of said board shall be a citizen and resident of the county out-side of the cities of Washington and Georgetown. They shall hold office termof office;for the term of four years, unless sooner removed by the President of theUnited States. The board of public works shall have entire control of powers andand make all regulations which they shall deem necessary for keeping in duties.repair the streets, avenues, alleys, and sewers of the city, and all other sewers.works which may be intrusted to their charge by the legislative assemblyor Congress. They shall disburse upon their warrant all moneys appro- Disbursementpriated by the United States, or the District of Columbia, or collected of moneys.from property-holders, in pursuance of law, for the improvement ofstreets, avenues, alleys, and sewers, and roads and bridges, and shallassess in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, upon the propertyadjoining and to be specially benefited by the improvements authorized Betterments.*by law and made by them, a reasonable proportion of the cost of the im-provement, not exceeding one third of such cost, which sum shall becollected as all other taxes are collected. They shall make all necessary Private build-regulations respecting the construction of private buildings in the District ings.of Columbia, subject to the supervision of the legislative assembly. Allcontracts made by the said board of public works shall be in writing, and Contracts.shall be signed by the parties making the same, and a copy thereof shallbe filed in the office of the secretary of the District; and said board of Limit to powerpublic works shall have no power to make contracts to bind said District to contract.to the payment of any sums of money except in pursuance of appropria-tions made by law, and not until such appropriations shall have beenmade. All contracts made by said board in which any member of saidboard shall be personally interested shall be void, and no payment shallbe made thereon by said District or any officers thereof. On or beforethe first Monday in November of each year, they shall submit to each Annualreportbranch of the legislative assembly a report of their transactions duringthe preceding year, and also furnish duplicates of the same to the gov-ernor, to be by him laid before the President of the United States fortransmission to the two houses of Congress; and shall be paid the sum Pay.of two thousand five hundred dollars each annually.SEC. 38. And be it further enacted, That the officers herein provided Officers ap-for, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and poinedby tohbeconsent of the Senate, shall be paid by the United States by appropria- paid by the Unit-tions to be made by law as hereinbefore provided; and all other officers ed States.of said District provided for by this act shall be paid by the District: therofficers.Provided, That no salary shall be paid to the governor as a member of Proviso.the board of public works in addition to his salary as governor, nor shallany officer of the army appointed upon the board of public works receiveany increase of pay for such service.SEC. 39. And be it further enacted, That if, at any election hereafter Penalty for il-held in the District of Columbia, any person shall knowingly personate llgal otin cndtand vote, or attempt to vote, in the name of any other person, whether at elections.living, dead, or fictitious, or vote more than once at the same election forany candidate for the same office, or vote at a place where he may not beentitled to vote, or vote without having a lawful right to vote, or do anyunlawful act to secure a right or opportunity to vote for himself or anyother person, or by force, threats, menace, or intimidation, bribery, reward,or offer, or promise thereof, or otherwise unlawfully prevent any qualifiedvoter of the District of Columbia from freely exercising the right ofsuffrage, or by any such means induce any voter to refuse to exercisesuch right, or compel or induce, by any such means or otherwise, any427
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. Sass. III. CH. 62. 1871.Penalty for il- officer of any election in said District to receive a vote from a person notlegal voting and legally qualified or entitled to vote; or interfere in any manner with anyt lelctionds. officer of said elections in the discharge of his duties; or by any unlawfulmeans induce any officer of an election, or officer whose duty it is to as-certain, announce, or declare the result of any such election, or give ormake any certificate, document, or evidence in relation thereto, to violateor refuse to comply with his duty, or any law regulating the same; orknowingly and wilfully receive the vote of any person not entitled tovote, or refuse to receive the vote of any person entitled to vote; or aid,counsel, procure, or advise any such voter, person, or officer to do anyact hereby made a crime, or to omit to do any duty the omission of whichis hereby made a crime, or attempt to do so, every such person shall bedeemed guilty of a crime, and shall for such crime be liable to prosecu-tion in any court of the United States of competent jurisdiction, and onconviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundreddollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or both,in the discretion of the court, and shall pay the costs of prosecution.Charters of SEC. 40. And be it further enacted, That the charters of the cities ofWashington and Washington and Georgetown shall be repealed on and after the firstpeoled from day of June, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and all offices ofJun:e 1.1871, and said corporations abolished at that date; the levy court of the Districtoficea abolished. Of Columbia and all offices connected therewith shall be abolished on andLaws and or- after said first day of June, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-one; butdinances to be in all laws and ordinances of said cities, respectively, and of said levy court,force until not inconsistent with this act, shall remain in full force until modifiedor repealed by Congress or the legislative assembly of said District; thatWashington. portion of said District included within the present limits of the city ofWashington shall continue to be known as the city of Washington ; andGeorgetown that portion of said District included within the limits of the city ofGeorgetown shall continue to be known as the city of Georgetown; andSpecial tax. the legislative assembly shall have power to levy a special tax uponproperty, except the property of the government of the United States,within the city of Washington for the payment of the debts of said city;and upon property, except the property of the government of the UnitedStates, within the limits of the city of Georgetown for the payment ofthe debts of said city; and upon property, except the property of the gov-ernment of the United States, within said District not included within thelimits of either of said cities to pay any debts owing by that portion of saidCharteor and District: Provided, That the charters of said cities severally, and thelevy court con-tinued for cer- powers of said levy court, shall be continued for the following purposes, totain purposes. wit: For the collection of all sums of money due to said cities, respec-tively, or to said levy court; for the enforcement of all contracts made bysaid cities, respectively, or by said levy court, and all taxes, heretoforeassessed, remaining unpaid; for the collection of all just claims againstsaid cities, respectively, or against said levy court; for the enforcementof all legal contracts against said cities, respectively, or against said levycourt, until the affifirs of said cities, respectively, and of said levy court,Pending snits. shall have been fully closed; and no suit in favor of or against said cor-porations, or either of them, shall abate by reason of the passage of thisact, but the same shall be prosecuted to final judgment as if this act hadnot been passed.No election for SgaC 41. And be it further enacted, That there shall be no electioneorgeto&wno holden for mayor or members of the common council of the city ofprior to June 1, Georgetown prior to the first day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy-187- one, but the present mayor and common council of said city shall holdNo taxes to be their offices until said first day of June next. No taxes for generalassessed b mu- purposes shall hereafter be assessed by the municipal authorities of thenioipal autori- p o se y e u a ois 0ties. cities of Washington or Georgetown, or by said levy court. And uponthe repeal of the charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown,
FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS. SESS. III. CH. 62, 63, 64, 65. 1871.the District of Columbia be, and is hereby, declared to be the successor Districtof Co-· ·lumbia to be theof said corporations, and all the property of said corporations, and of successor of thethe county of Washington, shall become vested in the said District of cities of Wash-Columbia, and all fines, penalties, costs, and forfeitures, which are now ington andby law made payable to said cities, respectively, or said levy court, shall Fines andbe paid to said District of Columbia, and the salaries of the judge and costs.clerk of the police court, the compensation of thS deputy clerk and bailiffsof said police court, and of the marshall of the District of Columbia shallbe paid by said District: Provided, That the moneys collected upon the Salaries ofjudgements of said police court, or so much thereof as may be necessary, judge and otherofficers of policeshall be applied to the payment of the salaries of the judge and other court.officers of said court, and to the payment of the necessary expensesthereof, and any surplus remaining after paying the salaries, comp Surplus to betion, and expenses aforesaid, shall be paid into the treasury of the District paid into theat the end of every quarter.
APPROVED, February 21, 1871.CHAP. LXIII. -
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THe Act of 1871: The “United States” Is a Corporation – There are Two Constitutions
By POPEYE Tweet
(POPEYE) Since the Act of 1871 which established the District of Columbia, we have been living under the UNITED STATES CORPORATION which is owned by certain international bankers and aristocracy of Europe and Britain.
In 1871 the Congress changed the name of the original Constitution by changing ONE WORD — and that was very significant as you will read.
Some people do not understand that ONE WORD or TWO WORDS difference in any “legal” document DO make the critical difference. But, Congress has known, and does know, this.
1871, February 21: Congress Passes an Act to Provide a Government for the District of Columbia, also known as the Act of 1871.
With no constitutional authority to do so, Congress creates a separate form of government for the District of Columbia, a ten mile square parcel of land (see, Acts of the Forty-first Congress,” Section 34, Session III, chapters 61 and 62).
The act — passed when the country was weakened and financially depleted in the aftermath of the Civil War — was a strategic move by foreign interests (international bankers) who were intent upon gaining a stranglehold on the coffers and neck of America.
Congress cut a deal with the international bankers (specifically Rothschilds of London) to incur a DEBT to said bankers. Because the bankers were not about to lend money to a floundering nation without serious stipulations, they devised a way to get their foot in the door of the United States.
The Act of 1871 formed a corporation called THE UNITED STATES. The corporation, OWNED by foreign interests, moved in and shoved the original Constitution into a dustbin. With the Act of 1871, the organic Constitution was defaced — in effect vandalized and sabotage — when the title was capitalized and the word “for” was changed to “of” in the title.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA is the constitution of the incorporated UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
It operates in an economic capacity and has been used to fool the People into thinking it governs the Republic. It does is not!
Capitalization is NOT insignificant when one is referring to a legal document. This seemingly “minor” alteration has had a major impact on every subsequent generation of Americans.
What Congress did by passing the Act of 1871 was create an entirely new document, a constitution for the government of the District of Columbia, an INCORPORATED government. This newly altered Constitution was not intended to benefit the Republic. It benefits only the corporation of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and operates entirely outside the original (organic) Constitution.
Instead of having absolute and unalienable rights guaranteed under the organic Constitution, we the people now have “relative” rights or privileges. One example is the Sovereign’s right to travel, which has now been transformed (under corporate government policy) into a “privilege” that requires citizens to be licensed.
By passing the Act of 1871, Congress committed TREASON against the People who were Sovereign under the grants and decrees of the Declaration of Independence and the organic Constitution.
The Act of 1871 became the FOUNDATION of all the treason since committed by government officials.
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